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Kingdom of Africa
The Kingdom of Africa or Regno di Africa in Sicilian, was an ephemeral frontier zone of the Siculo-Norman state in the former Roman province of Africa (''Ifrīqiya'' in Tunisian Arabic), corresponding to parts of Algeria, Tunisia and Libya today. The main primary sources for the kingdom are Arabic (Muslim);〔All the Arabic sources can be found in Michele Amari, ''Biblioteca arabo-sicula'' (Rome and Turin: 1880).〕 the Latin (Christian) sources are scanter. According to Hubert Houben, since "Africa" was never mentioned in the royal title of the kings of Sicily, "one ought not to speak of a ‘Norman kingdom of Africa’."〔Houben, ''Roger II'', 83.〕 Rather, "(Africa ) really amounted to a constellation of Norman-held towns along coastal Ifrīqiya."〔Dalli, "Bridging Europe and Africa", 79.〕
The Sicilian conquest of Africa began under Roger II in 1146–48. Sicilian rule consisted of military garrisons in the major towns, exactions on the local Muslim population, protection of Christians and the minting of coin. The local aristocracy was largely left in place, and Muslim princes controlled the civil government under Sicilian oversight. Economic connections between Sicily and Africa, which were strong before the conquest, were strengthened, while ties between Africa and northern Italy were expanded. Early in the reign of William I, the "kingdom" of Africa fell to the Almohads (1158–60). Its most enduring legacy was the realignment of Mediterranean powers brought about by its demise and the Siculo-Almohad peace finalised in 1180.
==Background==
Regarding the motive for the Normans' military involvement in Africa, historian David Abulafia raises three possibilities: religious ("the extension of crusading activity into a relatively neglected arena"), economic (such as "the protection of key trade routes"), or imperialistic ("an attempt to build a vast Mediterranean empire").〔Abulafia, "The Norman Kingdom of Africa", 26.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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